How do you go from a patent to a company? Pam Ancona, who is both a patent attorney and a chemistry PhD, has noticed that prospective entrepreneurs “underestimate all that it takes in order to take that idea and turn it into an actual product. Just because you have a patent,” for example, doesn’t mean that you might not need more. “You may need more than one.” Not every idea works out, or works out in the way you expect. “It takes a lot of years to get a patent, and it also takes a lot of years to get a product. What may be commercially viable when you file the patent application may not be commercially viable by the time it gets granted. Then it may be even more years before, or the viability may change yet again after you get the patent granted.” Ideally, you have developed a stockpile of ideas “that you can pull from, that have been protected.”

Pam Ancona

Plants need nitrogen to grow, but a significant portion of the nitrogen in fertilizers is not absorbed by the soil or used by the growing plants. Rather, it washes away into waterways, rivers, and the ocean. This in turn has had devastating effects on marine life. In some areas, excessive nitrogen in the oceans has caused algae blooms that kill wildlife, make it dangerous for people to consume fish or shellfish or in some cases even swim in affected waters. This problem isn’t limited to poorer countries. Nitrogen pollution is a serious problem here on Long Island. In our case, the nitrogen comes primarily from septic tanks and cesspools, although nitrogen from agricultural fertilizers also plays a role. Nitrogen pollution in the waters around Long Island has hampered fishing, made it dangerous to eat seafood from some areas, and caused environmental changes that make coastal areas more prone to flooding.