One of the things that made many scientists in the 1980s and 1990s resistant to involvement in biotech ventures was the perception that it didn’t fit with the image of the disinterested researcher who was motivated only by the desire for knowledge. But all kinds of motives can lead scientists to move into areas of research that are of interest to pharmaceutical companies. The prospect of more research funding, recognition for achievements, and so on. Chemist Glenn Prestwich, who directed Stony Brook’s Center for Biotechnology in the 1990s and who had formerly worked on the chemistry of insect biology, describes his own thinking: “I wanted to do something to shift into human medicine because that’s where the money was, and that’s where I could publish in higher-reputation journals. I was doing some pretty novel stuff and it was buried in these insect journals. There was a lot of selfish narcissism in there, but the creativity wasn’t being recognized and rewarded in the insect world by the people who were picking it up.”

Prestwich / Stony Brook Center for Biotechnology

Plants need nitrogen to grow, but a significant portion of the nitrogen in fertilizers is not absorbed by the soil or used by the growing plants. Rather, it washes away into waterways, rivers, and the ocean. This in turn has had devastating effects on marine life. In some areas, excessive nitrogen in the oceans has caused algae blooms that kill wildlife, make it dangerous for people to consume fish or shellfish or in some cases even swim in affected waters. This problem isn’t limited to poorer countries. Nitrogen pollution is a serious problem here on Long Island. In our case, the nitrogen comes primarily from septic tanks and cesspools, although nitrogen from agricultural fertilizers also plays a role. Nitrogen pollution in the waters around Long Island has hampered fishing, made it dangerous to eat seafood from some areas, and caused environmental changes that make coastal areas more prone to flooding.