From the point of view of a university or research institution, the financial appeal of a successful biotech company is obvious. But there are other potential benefits as well. Molecular biologist Jerry Yin, formerly of CSHL but now at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, describes former CSHL director Jim Watson’s realization that encouraging scientists to turn their science into intellectual property and start companies could be a way to retain top researchers. “Because the way he had it done was that when you start the company, some part of the startup money comes to the lab to do the science. It’s a totally outside-of-NIH source of revenue that you could open up… You could have your cake and eat it too. You could have your NIH funding” alongside any money from venture capital.

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Plants need nitrogen to grow, but a significant portion of the nitrogen in fertilizers is not absorbed by the soil or used by the growing plants. Rather, it washes away into waterways, rivers, and the ocean. This in turn has had devastating effects on marine life. In some areas, excessive nitrogen in the oceans has caused algae blooms that kill wildlife, make it dangerous for people to consume fish or shellfish or in some cases even swim in affected waters. This problem isn’t limited to poorer countries. Nitrogen pollution is a serious problem here on Long Island. In our case, the nitrogen comes primarily from septic tanks and cesspools, although nitrogen from agricultural fertilizers also plays a role. Nitrogen pollution in the waters around Long Island has hampered fishing, made it dangerous to eat seafood from some areas, and caused environmental changes that make coastal areas more prone to flooding.