Many scientists in fields with biomedical applications describe a point in their education where they considered medicine as a potential career path. For those who ultimately decided to pursue a PhD instead, the reasons for not choosing medicine are many and varied. Jim Hayward of Applied DNA Sciences describes his decision-making process, which had to do with how he imagined the impact of his future work: “I did consider med school. I took a bunch of med school courses as a graduate student. I thought I could have a bigger influence on the science than in treating individual people. At that stage of my life, I didn’t see medicine as a research career, but as a clinical career. Since then, of course, I’ve gotten to know many research-directed clinicians. It was probably a wrong decision, but saved me a lot of time.” [laughs]

Jim Hayward / Applied DNA Sciences

Plants need nitrogen to grow, but a significant portion of the nitrogen in fertilizers is not absorbed by the soil or used by the growing plants. Rather, it washes away into waterways, rivers, and the ocean. This in turn has had devastating effects on marine life. In some areas, excessive nitrogen in the oceans has caused algae blooms that kill wildlife, make it dangerous for people to consume fish or shellfish or in some cases even swim in affected waters. This problem isn’t limited to poorer countries. Nitrogen pollution is a serious problem here on Long Island. In our case, the nitrogen comes primarily from septic tanks and cesspools, although nitrogen from agricultural fertilizers also plays a role. Nitrogen pollution in the waters around Long Island has hampered fishing, made it dangerous to eat seafood from some areas, and caused environmental changes that make coastal areas more prone to flooding.