Scientists, administrators and industry specialists often mention the resistance to commercialization among academic scientists in the 1970s and 80s. Most people agree that this resistance has dwindled almost to the vanishing point now, but earlier, in even into the 1990s, it was still very much present. For Diane Fabel of the Stony Brook Center for Biotechnology, the key strategies in overcoming this resistance were finding points of mutual interest, building relationships, and helping each side understand what motivated the other and what the other side’s goals were. In her experience,

“Most faculty still don’t understand the corporate culture, and what is motivating industry. I think industry is doing a better job of understanding the academic culture than the academic culture is of understanding the corporate culture. What’s motivating people, what drives them, what’s important to the faculty member, why would they do this? Versus on the corporate side where it’s very focused on getting a technology. Doesn’t have to be perfect, doesn’t have to be the final version, but getting that technology as rapidly as possible into clinical development. It’s either they want it to fail fast, or proceed. They’re just different driving goals.”

Diane Fabel / Stony Brook Center for Biotechnology

Plants need nitrogen to grow, but a significant portion of the nitrogen in fertilizers is not absorbed by the soil or used by the growing plants. Rather, it washes away into waterways, rivers, and the ocean. This in turn has had devastating effects on marine life. In some areas, excessive nitrogen in the oceans has caused algae blooms that kill wildlife, make it dangerous for people to consume fish or shellfish or in some cases even swim in affected waters. This problem isn’t limited to poorer countries. Nitrogen pollution is a serious problem here on Long Island. In our case, the nitrogen comes primarily from septic tanks and cesspools, although nitrogen from agricultural fertilizers also plays a role. Nitrogen pollution in the waters around Long Island has hampered fishing, made it dangerous to eat seafood from some areas, and caused environmental changes that make coastal areas more prone to flooding.