The biotech industry in the New York region emerged in the 1980s and 1990s surrounded by a lot of hype and unrealistic expectations. Even those with a more reasoned perspective remember making assumptions about the speed with which the industry would develop that have turned out to be over-optimistic. Diane Fabel, who has been operations director of the Stony Brook Center for Biotechnology since 1990, recalls “we all thought that the industry cluster in New York was going to take hold a whole lot faster. We were envisioning a decade, not three decades, and we’re still trying to make this gain traction, right?” Building an industry takes decades of sustained, focused effort — and a lot of money.

Diane Fabel / Stony Brook Center for Biotechnology

Plants need nitrogen to grow, but a significant portion of the nitrogen in fertilizers is not absorbed by the soil or used by the growing plants. Rather, it washes away into waterways, rivers, and the ocean. This in turn has had devastating effects on marine life. In some areas, excessive nitrogen in the oceans has caused algae blooms that kill wildlife, make it dangerous for people to consume fish or shellfish or in some cases even swim in affected waters. This problem isn’t limited to poorer countries. Nitrogen pollution is a serious problem here on Long Island. In our case, the nitrogen comes primarily from septic tanks and cesspools, although nitrogen from agricultural fertilizers also plays a role. Nitrogen pollution in the waters around Long Island has hampered fishing, made it dangerous to eat seafood from some areas, and caused environmental changes that make coastal areas more prone to flooding.