What might motivate more faculty to consider potential commercial applications of their research? One thing that occasionally stands in the way is that patents do not count for tenure. And, as Diane Fabel at the Stony Brook Center for Biotechnology points out, “early career faculty are focused on tenure. They have to be. There’s not a lot of time for things that don’t contribute to that. Patents and that kind of work currently are not part of the tenure decision-making process here [at Stony Brook].” This is also the case at other institutions. Whether the tenure process should be amended to take patents and other commercial activity into account is a big question, since it would very likely have a significant impact on the culture of academic science.

Diane Fabel / Stony Brook Center for Biotechnology

Plants need nitrogen to grow, but a significant portion of the nitrogen in fertilizers is not absorbed by the soil or used by the growing plants. Rather, it washes away into waterways, rivers, and the ocean. This in turn has had devastating effects on marine life. In some areas, excessive nitrogen in the oceans has caused algae blooms that kill wildlife, make it dangerous for people to consume fish or shellfish or in some cases even swim in affected waters. This problem isn’t limited to poorer countries. Nitrogen pollution is a serious problem here on Long Island. In our case, the nitrogen comes primarily from septic tanks and cesspools, although nitrogen from agricultural fertilizers also plays a role. Nitrogen pollution in the waters around Long Island has hampered fishing, made it dangerous to eat seafood from some areas, and caused environmental changes that make coastal areas more prone to flooding.