Only a relatively small number of patents lead to products. What would raise that number? Diane Fabel’s first suggestion, based on her experience mediating between faculty members and the biotech industry, is that it’s necessary to “help the faculty understand what the commercial application of their technology is.” Life sciences research is highly specialized, and people working in, say, cancer, might discover something that is highly relevant for the treatment of a completely different condition, but they might never know that because they don’t work on that other disease. “They have their animal models, or their cell models, or whatever they’re working with, and they need to be educated about how that might apply to a different market or a healthcare issue. They get excited. There’s another study that shows that the percentage of faculty that want to see their research impact human health [is] very high, but when you look at whether or not they feel it’s within their power to bring a technology to market or to get it even into the hands of someone that has that capability, it’s very low.”

Diane Fabel / Stony Brook Center for Biotechnology

Plants need nitrogen to grow, but a significant portion of the nitrogen in fertilizers is not absorbed by the soil or used by the growing plants. Rather, it washes away into waterways, rivers, and the ocean. This in turn has had devastating effects on marine life. In some areas, excessive nitrogen in the oceans has caused algae blooms that kill wildlife, make it dangerous for people to consume fish or shellfish or in some cases even swim in affected waters. This problem isn’t limited to poorer countries. Nitrogen pollution is a serious problem here on Long Island. In our case, the nitrogen comes primarily from septic tanks and cesspools, although nitrogen from agricultural fertilizers also plays a role. Nitrogen pollution in the waters around Long Island has hampered fishing, made it dangerous to eat seafood from some areas, and caused environmental changes that make coastal areas more prone to flooding.