It’s easy to tell faculty members that they need to learn more about the business side of the biotech world if they want to commercialize their discoveries effectively. But what specifically should researchers know? One thing that faculty know about now, but less so thirty years ago, was something called fields of use. It’s essentially the question of how you slice up and sell permission to use a discovery. A license can be geographical — permission to use in a specific country, for example — or in a specific medical field, and so on. As chemistry professor and former director of the Center for Biotechnology at Stony Brook Glenn Prestwich explains:

“You could do a lot with a single technology if you license it for different fields of use, because if you license it for all fields of use, somebody gets it but that means that nobody else gets it for all of the other cool things you can do with it.” Licensing for limited and specific fields of use means that many different companies and people have the opportunity to develop aspects of your discovery that interest them.

Prestwich / Stony Brook Center for Biotechnology

Plants need nitrogen to grow, but a significant portion of the nitrogen in fertilizers is not absorbed by the soil or used by the growing plants. Rather, it washes away into waterways, rivers, and the ocean. This in turn has had devastating effects on marine life. In some areas, excessive nitrogen in the oceans has caused algae blooms that kill wildlife, make it dangerous for people to consume fish or shellfish or in some cases even swim in affected waters. This problem isn’t limited to poorer countries. Nitrogen pollution is a serious problem here on Long Island. In our case, the nitrogen comes primarily from septic tanks and cesspools, although nitrogen from agricultural fertilizers also plays a role. Nitrogen pollution in the waters around Long Island has hampered fishing, made it dangerous to eat seafood from some areas, and caused environmental changes that make coastal areas more prone to flooding.