It’s easy to imagine a straightforward progression from research to commercialization, with the scientific work taking a specific commercial form, and that’s that. But the process of commercialization itself — for example, what type of licensing agreements you choose — can affect the development of further research, nudging the science in a variety of possible directions. Glenn Prestwich, former director of Stony Brook’s Center for Biotechnology, explains how choices made in the early stages of the commercialization of a potential drug can affect what happens later:

Glenn Prestwich, interviewed via Zoom on June 20, 2023
Interviewer: Antoinette Sutto

The dilemma was do we try and find somebody big that will do an exclusive license for a lot of money or do we lot do lots of non-exclusive licenses?

The wisdom, which was so important at the time, was to do lots of non-exclusive licenses because it became a transformational technique across biology, biochemistry, molecular biology, and protein-protein interactions in the late ’80s and early ’90s. No, early ’90s. It was absolutely transformational in drug discovery and everything else to have multiple non-exclusive licenses to this technology.

Interviewer: It sounds like some of the business decisions– You had options as far as like how to organize it in patent terms or business terms and this had an effect on how the science was used and how the technology developed. If you’re licensing it in one way, you get one outcome and had it been licensed in another way, you might have gotten a completely different outcome in terms of what got done later.

Glenn: Absolutely right.

Plants need nitrogen to grow, but a significant portion of the nitrogen in fertilizers is not absorbed by the soil or used by the growing plants. Rather, it washes away into waterways, rivers, and the ocean. This in turn has had devastating effects on marine life. In some areas, excessive nitrogen in the oceans has caused algae blooms that kill wildlife, make it dangerous for people to consume fish or shellfish or in some cases even swim in affected waters. This problem isn’t limited to poorer countries. Nitrogen pollution is a serious problem here on Long Island. In our case, the nitrogen comes primarily from septic tanks and cesspools, although nitrogen from agricultural fertilizers also plays a role. Nitrogen pollution in the waters around Long Island has hampered fishing, made it dangerous to eat seafood from some areas, and caused environmental changes that make coastal areas more prone to flooding.