Simply patenting a promising invention is not always enough to launch a successful product. You also need to consider what other existing patents might be out there that cover the same ground as yours, or similar ground. In the landscape of existing patents through which your patent, and your product, have to move, where are the potential landmines? Pam Ancona, who is currently head of Intellectual Property (IP), Molecular Customer Area, at Roche Molecular Solutions, notes that “it’s not just getting patents, but also respecting other companies’ patents … It’s not good enough to just file patent applications on the things that the inventors are coming up with around new drugs, new compounds, et cetera. As that drug proceeds through development and approaches commercial launch, you have to look to see, does anybody else have a patent out there that covers this thing. … That’s pretty important because what you don’t want to have happen is you launch [your product] and then all of a sudden, you get sued. It’s nice to know that that suit is coming. If it’s going to come, you have some defenses. … You have to know that where you’re headed, you might have some litigation in front of you.” The technical term for this is “freedom to operate,” or in simple terms, “looking for other people’s patents that might cover what we’re thinking of commercializing.”

Pam Ancona

Plants need nitrogen to grow, but a significant portion of the nitrogen in fertilizers is not absorbed by the soil or used by the growing plants. Rather, it washes away into waterways, rivers, and the ocean. This in turn has had devastating effects on marine life. In some areas, excessive nitrogen in the oceans has caused algae blooms that kill wildlife, make it dangerous for people to consume fish or shellfish or in some cases even swim in affected waters. This problem isn’t limited to poorer countries. Nitrogen pollution is a serious problem here on Long Island. In our case, the nitrogen comes primarily from septic tanks and cesspools, although nitrogen from agricultural fertilizers also plays a role. Nitrogen pollution in the waters around Long Island has hampered fishing, made it dangerous to eat seafood from some areas, and caused environmental changes that make coastal areas more prone to flooding.