One of the things that several people involved in building the biotech industry on Long Island in the 1980s mention is the excitement of doing something new and unprecedented. The industry itself was new and no one knew what form it might eventually take, here or elsewhere. Ginny Llobell, who was assistant director of the Stony Brook Center for Biotechnology in the late 1980s remembers that “it was a big deal to create something from what I think was almost vaporware. It was a nascent idea that had to be put into practice. It had to be made real.”

The Stony Brook Center for Biotechnology

Plants need nitrogen to grow, but a significant portion of the nitrogen in fertilizers is not absorbed by the soil or used by the growing plants. Rather, it washes away into waterways, rivers, and the ocean. This in turn has had devastating effects on marine life. In some areas, excessive nitrogen in the oceans has caused algae blooms that kill wildlife, make it dangerous for people to consume fish or shellfish or in some cases even swim in affected waters. This problem isn’t limited to poorer countries. Nitrogen pollution is a serious problem here on Long Island. In our case, the nitrogen comes primarily from septic tanks and cesspools, although nitrogen from agricultural fertilizers also plays a role. Nitrogen pollution in the waters around Long Island has hampered fishing, made it dangerous to eat seafood from some areas, and caused environmental changes that make coastal areas more prone to flooding.